." Henig, Ruth B. Versailles and After, 19191933. Blaamand, Glad they are helpful. The newly formed German democratic government saw the Versailles Treaty as a dictated peace (Diktat). . [1] For historical reasons, specific legal dispositions are still applied in the territory in the form of a "local law in AlsaceMoselle". [citation needed] German troops occupied some homes. AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY "minette ironstone Background network points up, and background network points down. "Alsace-Lorraine 2023 . Excellent stuff and finally I found an easy way to identify reprints on these issues. 1 The treaty required demilitarization of the Rhineland, the loss of 13% of Germany's prewar territories, and extensive reparation payments by Germany. Germany was forbidden to maintain an air force. In Sept 1683, the Turks had reached and were besieging Vienna. Their governments quickly resorted to violating the military and financial terms of the treaties. Out of a population of 1.6 million, about 150,000 decided to exercise this right, among them a significant number of the political, cultural, economic, and military elites, especially in Alsace. Nazi laws against homosexuality were applied to AlsaceMoselle, and homosexuals were deported. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"oA84y6geI5rj7mtHnHH92d5rgmg2qa611aNOTH8z7RY-86400-0"}; German opinion on national policy prior to July 1914 La Premire Ligne : Organ of the 25th Battery of the 3rd Colonial Artillery. The area of Belfort became a special-status area and was not reintegrated into Haut-Rhin in 1919 but instead was made a full-status dpartement in 1922 under the name Territoire-de-Belfort.[j]. Death of young men in the French army in 19391945; +1.24% population growth per year during 19461975, a period of rapid population and economic growth in France known as the, +0.36% population growth per year during 19752018, a period marked by, German and Germanic dialects: 1,492,347 (86.8%), French and Romance dialects: 198,318 (11.5%), German and a second language: 7,485 (0.4%), Protestant: 21.78% (18.87% Lutherans, 2.91% Calvinists). In a carefully choreographed ceremony, Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck had King William I of Prussia . Histoire de l'Alsace. The Revolution simplified the complex geographical and administrative structures of both provinces. German opinion on national policy since July 1914. Alsace-Lorraine. Classification: Occupation (Germany) ." The book includes numerous statistical tables. The German military feared French partisans or francs-tireurs, as they had been called during the Franco-Prussian War would reappear. Army. The term actually appeared after World WarI. Seager, Frederic H. (1969). French prewar governmental policies that had clashed with the region's particularism have since been modified. Harp, Stephen L. Learning to Be Loyal: Primary Schooling as Nation Building in Alsace and Lorraine, 18501940. An often-cited sign that greeted visitors crossing the Rhine to Strasbourg in 1790 read, "Here begins the country of Liberty." | Print shows William II, Emperor of Germany, as a knight holding a large sword labeled "Germany", keeping guard over two female figures in chains labeled "Alsace" and "Septembre 1918." The German Emperor, WilhelmI, eventually sided with army commander Helmuth vonMoltke, other Prussian generals and other officials who argued that a westward shift in the French border was necessary for strategic military and ethnographic reasons. It was established in 1871 by the German Empire after it had annexed the region from France in the Franco-Prussian War with the Treaty of Frankfurt and forced France to pay an indemnity of five billion francs. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. I am really happy for people to let me know when they see errors, as it will only make the site better. Military leaders failed to adjust their tactics to the increasingly mechanized nature of warfare. T. he Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years. This area corresponded to the present French dpartements of Bas-Rhin (in its entirety), Haut-Rhin (except the area of Belfort and Montbliard), and a small northeast section of the Vosges dpartement, all of which made up Alsace, and most of the dpartements of Moselle (four-fifths of Moselle) and the northeast of Meurthe (one-third of Meurthe), which were the eastern part of Lorraine. Nonetheless, although secular French law was not imposedespecially in Alsace where religion, both The five local Calvinist consistories, originally part of the Reformed Church of France, formed a statewide synod in 1895, the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine (EPRAL). Before that date, Alsace and Lorraine were not thought of in tandem; in the late nineteenth century, however, their fate became irrevocably linked in the French and German national imaginations. Encyclopedia.com. I have some old Argentina stamps how much will you offer me? Many Germans forgot that they had applaudedthe fall of Germanys emperor, initially welcomed parliamentary democratic reform, and celebrated the armistice. Wilhelm I himself had had to flee with the Prussian royal family to East Prussia as a nine year old in 1806 and had served in the Battle of Waterloo. During the 1870 occupation of Alsace and Lorraine, Germany issued stamps for the province with values expressed in French currency. While the region's legislative deputies solemnly protested this "odious abuse of power," Alsace-Lorraine came to embody in some measure the achievement of German unity that was symbolized by the proclamation of the king of Prussia, William I (r. 18611888), as emperor of Germany at Versailles, on 18 January 1871. The harsh terms of the peace treaty did not ultimately help to settle the international disputes which had initiated World War I. The debates of 1870 later inspired Renan to write What Is a Nation? The French president Raymond Poincar (18601934), prime minister Georges Clemenceau (18411929), and generals Ferdinand Foch (18511929) and Philippe Ptain (18561951) were welcomed in the liberated Alsace-Lorraine amid great enthusiasm, and the German "immigrants" were now expelled. They recalled only that the German Leftcommonly seen as Socialists, Communists, and Jewshad surrendered German honor to a shameful peace. German authorities became increasingly worried about renewed French nationalism. When Alsace and the Lorraine department became part of Germany, the French laws regarding religious bodies were preserved, with special privileges to the then recognised religions of Calvinism, Judaism, Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism, under a system known as the Concordat. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . The dpartement Meurthe-et-Moselle was maintained even after France recovered AlsaceLorraine in 1919. In Alsace, Protestants proved more supportive of the Revolution than Catholics, and in both provinces Catholics resisted dechristianization. Unlike the revolutionaries, Napoleon I was little concerned with the linguistic issue, and he was often quoted as saying, "Little matter that they speak German, as long as they wield the saber in French." The hyphenated term Alsace-Lorraine (Elsass-Lothringen), popular on both sides of the Rhine, dates from this period of German rule (18711918) and refers to the imperial territory (Reichsland) established by the Germans. [caption=647ba4e2-8fc6-4340-9d0c-21dd535eaf42] - [credit=647ba4e2-8fc6-4340-9d0c-21dd535eaf42]. Encyclopedia.com. See alsoAction Franaise; France; Germany; World War I. Dollinger, Philippe, ed. Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. These strategic claims led to the annexation of territories located west of the Rhine river in the Holy Roman Empire. 25 May. After the devastation of World War I, the victorious Western powers (Great Britain, the United States, France, and Italy, known as the Big Four) imposed a series of treaties upon the defeated Central Powers (Germany, AustriaHungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey). But France lost the Franco-Prussian war in 1871 and Prussia took Alsace and the one third of Lorraine which was German-speaking, the Moselle area. Translated and edited by Martin Thom. Politically, Alsace-Lorraine never achieved equality with German states. ." 1 print : chromolithograph. Welcome to DCStamps. Arme, 8e. From a military perspective, by early 1870s standards, shifting the frontier away from the Rhine would give the Germans a strategic buffer against feared future French attacks. Alphonse Daudet 's "The Last Lesson" is set in Alsace, a territory that Germany annexed from France during the Franco-Prussian War. Pen-and-ink. Strasbourg, 1925. The war guilt clause, huge reparation payments, and limitations on the German military seemed particularly oppressive to most Germans. In preparation for the peace conference that was expected to follow World War I, in the spring of 1917 the British Foreign Office established a special section responsible for preparing background information for use by British delegates to the conference. The region was then occupied once by Germany during the Second World War. This was the case whether the governments were democratic as in Germany or Austria, or authoritarian in the case of Hungary and Bulgaria. Historical Section. La premiere ligne (Front line) is the trench journal published by the 25th Battery of the Third Colonial Artillery Regiment of the French armed forces during World War I. Trench journals were France. The Treaty of Frankfurt allowed inhabitants of both provinces to opt for French citizenship and move to France, and over 125,000 Alsatians and Lorrainers (out of a population of 1.5 million) had done so by the October 1872 deadline. Official imitations of all values were made in 1885 in Hamburg. Retrieved May 25, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/alsace-lorraine-0. In the general revolutionary atmosphere of the expiring German Empire, Marxist councils of workers and soldiers (Soldaten und Arbeiterrte) formed in Mulhouse, Colmar, and Strasbourg in November 1918, in imitation of the soviets of revolutionary Russia, and in parallel to other such bodies set up in Germany. In 1871, the newly created German Empire's demand for Alsace from France after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War was not simply a punitive measure. The Franco-Prussian War, a war in which France was defeated, developed against this background. Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. The Nazis also deported refugee and resident Jews. Yes of course the Treaty of Versailles was a key treaty after World War 1 and I will make the correction. Any assistance or direction would be most helpful. When the World War broke out in 1914, recovery of the two lost provinces became the top French war goal. Germany became liable for the cost of massive material damages. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Wikipedia in French AlsaceLorraine (German: Elsa-Lothringen) is a historical region and a former territory of the German Empire, located in modern day France. Efforts to revise and defy provisions of the peace became a key element in their foreign policies and became a destabilizing factor in international politics. The reparations and a general inflationary period in Europe in the 1920s caused spiraling hyperinflation of the German Reichsmark by 1923. What is now known as Alsace was progressively conquered by France under Louis XIII and Louis XIV in the 17thcentury, while Lorraine was incorporated from the 16thcentury under HenryII to the 18thcentury under Louis XV[3] (in the case of the Three Bishoprics, as early as 1552). An 1898 American political cartoon that depicts the dispute over Alsace-Lorraine as a medieval romance. Michael. With the demise of the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Lorraine and the region of Alsace became part of the Empire of France. King Ludwig II. [21], After the defeat of France in the spring of 1940, Alsace and Moselle were not formally annexed by Nazi Germany. The three Israelite consistories in Colmar[de], Metz[de] and Strasbourg[de] were disentangled from supervision by the Israelite Central Consistory of France and continued as separate statutory corporations which never formed a joint body, but cooperated. [11], In the early 20thcentury, the increased militarization of Europe, and the lack of negotiation between major powers, led to harsh and rash actions taken by both sides in respect to AlsaceLorraine during World War I. POST-SOVIET DEVELOPMENTS August 29, 2019 States Alsace-Lorraine Part one ( Elsa-Lothringen) This territory, also known as the Reichslande, was a prize seized from France after the Franco-Prussian war of 1871. [g] Some ethnic Germans in the region cooperated in the persecution as a way to demonstrate German patriotism.[h]. Moullec, Gal. All the mentioned religious bodies retained the status as tablissements publics de culte (public bodies of Religion). In France, Alsace and Lorraine became known as the "lost provinces," and the nation, it was claimed, could not be whole without them. Military mobilization in 1870 He served in North Africa with the French Zouave Regiment roughly between 1901 & 1905. In Metz, French street names, which had been displayed in French and German, were suppressed in January1915. ." They were widely perceived as a sham, even in Germany. The Franco-Prussian war was ended on 10th May with the signing of the Treaty of Frankfurt. In French foreign policy, the demand for the return of Alsace and Lorraine faded in importance after 1880 with the decline of the monarchist element. . Etat-Major. Washington, DC: German Historical Institute, 1998. In preparation for the peace conference that was expected to follow World War I, in the spring of 1917 the British Foreign Office established a special section responsible for preparing background information Great Britain. Also available in digital form. Franco-Prussian War, or Franco-German War, (1870-71) War in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France, ending French hegemony in continental Europe and creating a unified Germany. Le Marec, Bernard, and Grard Le Marec. Anne Frank Biography: Who was Anne Frank? Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. [23] Through a series of laws which individually seemed minor, Berlin took de facto control of AlsaceLorraine, and AlsatiansLorrainians could be drafted into the German Army. Due to the annexation, the Germans gained control of the fortifications of Metz and Strasbourg (Straburg) on the left bank of the Rhine and most of the iron resources of Lorraine. The French language was banned and was replaced with High German. Trying to locate relatives in Trier or Sarrbruchen. It was returned to France after World War I, occupied by the Germans in World War II, then again restored to France. Bonjour, je viens sur ce site et je suis la recherche dinformations concernant Mon Grand Pre. Map of Bremmelbach from nona.net, Please note that the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 at the end of World War 1, not WW2. I have seen lots of similar notes in your other albums, and it is really helpful. This changed in 1914 with the First World War. It was a Reich's province until it became a quasi-state in 1911, but never an actual state of the German Empire. Have you tried contacting someone in the local government or searching for the German Phone directory in Saarbrcken? 1871 Alsace-Lorraine region created by the Germany Empire Arme. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River, east of the Vosges Mountains; the section originally in Lorraine was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges. . Prohibiting the speaking of French in public further increased the exasperation of some of the natives, who were long accustomed to mixing their conversation with French language (see code-switching); still, the use even of one word, as innocent as "bonjour", could incur a fine. The Treaty of Frankfurt (10 May 1871) officially gave the victorious and newly unified German Empire control of . The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War (July 19, 1870 - May 10, 1871) was a conflict between France and Prussia, . Beginning in October1942, young Alsatian and Lorrainian men were inducted into the German armed forces. The Franco-German border now stood on the crest of the Vosges Mountains, and not along the Rhine River. Many of them believed then that the Fourteen Points would form the basis of the future peace treaty. Those who decided to stay did not necessarily accept annexation, and public opinion tended toward protest and dissatisfaction. The Franco-Prussian War, between the German Confederation and France, lasted six months from 1870 to 1871. . ." When created in 1871, the region was named the Imperial Territory of AlsaceLorraine (German: Reichsland ElsaLothringen or ElsassLothringen; Alsatian: 's Richslnd ElsssLothrnga; Moselle Franconian/Luxembourgish: D'Richland ElsassLoutrengen) and as a new territory of the German Empire. [credit=647ba4e2-8fc6-4340-9d0c-21dd535eaf42], In January 1918, some ten months before the end of World War I, US President Woodrow Wilson had written a list of proposed war aims which he called the . About 15,000Alsatians and Lorrainers served in the German Navy. 1 print (poster) : lithograph, color ; 84 x 65 cm. They were valid for use throughout occupied France until the end of the war, when they became valid for use only in Alsace and Lorraine until the region was incorporated into the German Empire and German stamps came into use. LAC nsk 2022-02-02 update (1 card), Lees, Frederic - Woodrow Wilson Collection (Library of Congress) - Wetterl, E. (Emile). the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Germany, which would retain it until after World War I . In France, children were taught in school not to forget the lost provinces, which were coloured in black on maps. There name may be spelled: Bonerhertz, Bonehertz or Bonhertz. By the 19th, the enemy had overrun Paris, and began laying siege to the forts defended by General Trochu, who commanded a motley assortment of troops: the 35th and 42nd Infantry . Its capital was Straburg. origins The opposing sides in World War I were the Entente Powers and the Central Powers. After 1890 discord lessened as many Germans now settled in the two provinces. Empire; the Paris Commune of 1871; the establishment of the Second Republic; the advent of the burning question of Alsace-Lorraine in French politics. Historians consider the six-month conflict to have arisen through a . Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( / klmnso /, [1] also US: / klmnso, klemso /, [2] [3] French: [ bam klemso]; [a] 28 September 1841 - 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920. Many thanks Peter. The Reichsland governor stated in February 1918: "Sympathies towards France and repulsion for Germans have penetrated to a frightening depth the petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry". (stab-in-the-back legend) helped to discredit the German socialist and liberal circles who were most committed to Germany's fragile democratic experiment. These conditions wiped out the personal savings of the middle class and led to massive unemployment. AlsaceLorraine had a land area of 14,496km2 (5,597sqmi). . Michael, Hello, I have just come across this site and am looking for information concerning my Grand Father. With the growth of power and ambition of Prussia and her German allies, war ultimately broke out between the two powers in Jul 1870. German immigration compensated for these demographic losses but also provoked enduring tensions with native inhabitants. Stanford, Calif., 1988. Pdf. The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to: concede the Hultschin district to Czechoslovakia, concede Poznan, West Prussia, and Upper Silesia to Poland. [22]:123124. France's premier, Georges Clemenceau, in particular, insisted on imposing enormous reparation payments. La vie quotidienne en Alsace entre France et Allemagne, 18501950. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The treaty contained a "war guilt clause." The French Government immediately started a Francization campaign that included the forced deportation of all Germans who had settled in the area after 1870. Only the major part of Alsace, less the region of Belfort, and the department of Moselle in the north of Lorraine, were involved in the annexation. His name was Edouard Weiss, born 1 June 1883. They recalled only that the German Leftcommonly seen as Socialists, Communists, and Jewshad surrendered German honor to a shameful peace. German rule transformed the political, social, and economic structure of Alsace-Lorraine. Upon occupying certain villages, veterans of the 1870 conflict were sought out and arrested by the French army.[f]. Memory of the Napoleonic Wars was still fresh in the 1870s. For the French, reconquest of Alsace-Lorraine was the principal theme of revanchism (from the French word for revenge). The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to: Further, all German overseas colonies were taken away from Germany and became League of Nation Mandates. The line should pass through the lower part of the P, while on reprints it will pass just below the center of the P. 2023 . Seager, Frederic H. "The AlsaceLorraine Question in France, 1871-1914." German voters ultimately found this kind of leadership in Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). | Two French women, one from Alsace and one from Lorraine, making floral wreaths. However, 250,000 soldiers of Alsace-Lorraine did fight in the German army, and for most of the next four years the "war map" was so favorable to Germany that it gave no thought to returning Alsace-Lorraine, which made a compromise for peace almost impossible. I dont collect stamps from Argentina. Il a servi en Afrique du Nord avec le rgiment des Zouaves franais peu prs entre 1901 et 1905. Lorraine, on the other hand, was largely Catholic and divided between a francophone region in the west and a smaller germanophone strip in the east. After the devastation of World War I, the victorious powers imposed a series of treaties upon the defeated powers. Some twenty thousand never returned, especially from the Russian front, where they were killed in combat or died in prisoner-of-war camps such as the notorious Soviet camp of Tambov. Thank you for your comment, and pointing out my typo. Following Regime: German Empire Since 2016, the historical territory has been part of the French administrative region of Grand Est. Although now entirely French, Alsace retains its unique character within the whole of France through its traditions, its way of life, and by the maintenance, at least in the country, of the local "dialect.". For information on contacting WDL partner organizations, see this archived list of partners. As soon as war was declared, both the French and German authorities used the inhabitants of AlsaceLorraine as propaganda pawns. Keep it up! For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. France long sought to attain and then preserve what it considered to be its "natural boundaries", which it considered the Pyrenees to the southwest, the Alps to the southeast, and the Rhine River to the northeast. On 28 June 1871, the territories Germany just annexed from France became an imperial territory. To reinforce the symbolism, Alsace-Lorraine became a Reichsland (territory of the empire) and common property of all the German states. The evacuation was aimed at providing space for military operations and for protecting citizens from attack. The Franco-Prussian War of 18701871 placed the borderland provinces of Alsace and Lorraine at the center of the European historical stage, where they remained until the collapse of Nazism in 1945. France--Foreign relations--Germany, - The German administration was tolerant of the use of the French language (in sharp contrast to the use of the Polish language in the Province of Posen), and French was permitted as an official language and school language in those areas where it was spoken by a majority. Retrieved May 25, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/minette-ironstone. The Empire also annexed the formerly French territory of Alsace-Lorraine, . "Alsace-Lorraine In the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, Germany was forced to return Alsace-Lorraine to France. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 By the terms of the final treaty, signed on May 10, 1871, at Frankfurt am Main, Germany annexed the French provinces of Alsace (excluding Belfort) and Lorraine; the French were also ordered to pay . Germany--Foreign relations--France, - https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/minette-ironstone, AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY "minette ironstone By July1921, 111,915people categorized as "D" were expelled to Germany. [citation needed], Germans living in France were arrested and placed into camps by the French authorities. The Treaty of Frankfurt gave the residents of the region until 1October 1872, to choose between emigrating to France or remaining in the region and having their nationality legally changed to German. Researchers are encouraged to review the source information attached to each item. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany. Perhaps the most humiliating portion of the treaty for defeated Germany was Article 231, commonly known as the "War Guilt Clause." "Alsace-Lorraine This hyperinflationary period combined with the effects of the Great Depression (beginning in 1929) to undermine the stability of the German economy. That balance, . capture of the World Digital Library site. For that purpose, the population was divided in four categories: A(French citizens before 1870), B(descendants of such French citizens), C(citizens of Allied or neutral states), and D(enemy aliens Germans). History of the Franco-Prussian war 1870-1871.The Causes of the Franco-Prussian War, Comparisons of the Armies,Battle of Sedan,Siege of Paris, maps of the war, mp3 lecture . At the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, the newly-formed German Empire annexed from France nearly all of Alsace and the northeastern portion of Lorraine. Mulhouse developed into the center of France's textile industry in the early years of the century, and metallurgical industries settled in the region around Strasbourg. v t e Alsace-Lorraine, now called Alsace-Moselle, is a historical region located in modern day France. When. The Second World War put an end to the Alsace-Lorraine question. Constructing Class and Nationality in Alsace, 18301945. On the other hand, the United Kingdom only belatedly considered this restitution a priority. Die Erfindung des Grenzlandes Elsass-Lothringen, in: Burkhard Olschowsky (ed. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, Mass Shootings of Jews during the Holocaust. in Risn Healy and Enrico Dal Lago, eds. German nationalism on the other hand, which in its 19thcentury form originated as a reaction against the French occupation of large areas of Germany under Napoleon, sought to unify all the German-speaking populations of the former Holy Roman Empire into a single nation-state. Absent any such restrictions, these materials are free to use and reuse. For additional information and contact information for many of the partner organizations, see this archived capture of the World Digital Library site from 2021. See alsoFrance; Franco-Prussian War; Germany; Nationalism. In fact, the two provinces were not united in their entirety. The war of 1870 transformed Alsace-Lorraine into the key site of a Franco-German conflict that endured until after World War IIa period during which the province changed hands on four separate occasions. . That war, also known as the Franco-German War or the War of 1870, was fought between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation. French troops' brief occupation of Mulhouse in August 1914 provoked an outburst of enthusiasm there. The area was ceded by France to Germany in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War. The difficulties caused by social and economic unrest in the aftermath of World War I and its peace undermined democratic solutions in Weimar Germany. Nearly ten million soldiers died. . The city of Danzig (today Gdansk), with its large ethnically German population, became a Free City. In Nation and Narration, edited by Homi K. Bhabha, 822. The western and eastern portions later became France and Germany, respectively, while between them, spreading from the North Sea to Italy, was the kingdom of Lotharingia, which soon fell apart. By the turn of the century the young generations had been schooled entirely in German and the links with France proved to be increasingly distant. The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright or other restrictions in the World Digital Library Collection. With the demise of the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Lorraine and the region of Alsace became part of the Empire of France. When the new AlsaceLorraine constitution of 1911 provided for a bicameral state parliament (Landtag of Alsace-Lorraine[fr]) each recognised religion was entitled to send a representative into the first chamber of the Landtag as ex officio members (the bishops of Strasbourg and of Metz, the presidents of EPCAAL and EPRAL, and a delegate of the three Israelite consistories). AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY "minette ironstone But gradually, apart from nationalist groups such as La Ligue des Patriotes (Patriots' League) in the 1880s and the monarchist Action Franaise (French Action) at the beginning of the twentieth century, French public opinion did not favor a war to regain the lost provinces. Foreign Office. Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. Ultimately, 100,000Alsatians and 30,000Mosellans were enrolled, many of them to fight against the Soviet Red Army, on Germany's Eastern Front. Stamped on: Summerall papers. Paris, 2004. [6] Some German industrialists did not want the competition from Alsatian industries, such as the cloth makers who would be exposed to competition from the sizeable industry in Mulhouse. Was Alsace-Lorraine French or was it German, and why? Wilson hoped his proposal would bring about a just and lasting peace: a peace without victory.. In July 1870, France declared war on Prussia. Under the German Empire of 18711918, the annexed territory constituted the Reichsland or Imperial Territory of ElsaLothringen (German for AlsaceLorraine). "Authorities" : p. [117]-119. Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Thanks for sharing anyway!! (Alsatian: 's ElsssMosel).[a]. https://www.loc.gov/item/a22000891/. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Most of those who survived the war were interned in Tambov in Russia in 1945. The Constitution of 1911 gave Alsace-Lorraine increased political rights and autonomy without awarding the province equal status with German states. Lorraine (France). Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Je suis en train de trouver le nom du village en Alsace-Lorraine o il a grandi. The last principle proposed a League of Nations to arbitrate international disputes. History Alsace-Lorraine - The areas of Alsace and Lorraine are regions on the German /French border which has been fought over for centuries. Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. Considerable attention is paid to the language question. After 1918 the French would pursue similar policies in a much more draconian fashion, just as they would undertake extensive purges of civil society and expel all the "old German" immigrants. A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. From a linguistic perspective, the transfer involved people who for the most part spoke Alemannic German dialects. University Park, Pa., 1972. July, 19 1870 - May, 10 1871 . Michael. laws in these three regions are somewhat different from the rest of France these specific provisions are known as the local law in AlsaceMoselle. Eventually, the territories were returned to France at the end of World War I in the Treaty of Versailles. [verification needed] Many Germans at the time thought that the creation of the new Empire in itself would be enough to earn permanent French enmity, and thus desired a defensible border with their long-standing enemy. The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, which was aided by the North German Confederation, of which Prussia was a member, and the South German states of Baden,Wrttemberg and Bavaria. Rather than revert to France, many inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine pressed for greater autonomy within the German Empire, and in 1911 obtained a new constitution. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In January 1918, some ten months before the end of World War I, US President Woodrow Wilson had written a list of proposed war aims which he called the Fourteen Points., Eight of these points dealt specifically with territorial and political settlements to accompany a victory of the Entente Powers (Great Britain, France, and Russia). [citation needed]. Other points focused on preventing war in the future. The Revolution's campaign against local customs and the use of the German language during the Terror met with failure. Imitations are of the network down variety and since new plates were made for the text, the easiest way to distinguish imitations is as follows: Draw an imaginary line from the upper left corner of the rectangular border to the lower right corner. The Alsace-Lorraine question remained the fundamental barrier to Franco-German reconciliation. Encyclopedia.com. Pick Catalogue: none. Revision of the Versailles Treaty was one of the platforms that gave radical right-wing parties in Germany such credibility to mainstream voters in the 1920s and early 1930s. Pdf. Germany lost 13 percent of its territory, including 10 percent of its population. Paris, 1993. I am concerned however that not many of mine will stand the test. Does it show up on any of your maps during this time? We Germans who know Germany and France know better what is good for the Alsatians than the unfortunates themselves. A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. This clause held Germany completely responsible for starting World War I. Early-nineteenth-century Alsace and Lorraine constituted two provinces that differed religiously and linguistically. From the sixteenth century, reunification was gradual and only completed during the second half of the eighteenth century. bibliography This included its constitution and state assembly, its own flag, and the Elsssisches Fahnenlied ("Alsatian Flag Song") as its anthem. The shame of defeat and the 1919 peace settlement played an important role in the rise of Nazism in Germany and the coming of a second world war just 20 years later. However, the pervasive talk of revenge (la revanche) in the wake of the 1870 defeat did not translate into policy, save for the brief nationalist Boulangist episode (18861887). Regiment of Colonial Artillery. I am sorry, there is not much I can help you with on this. [16] The arrival of the French Army stabilized the situation: French troops put the region under military occupation and entered Strasbourg on 5November. About 161,000people, or around 10.4% of the AlsaceLorraine population, opted for French citizenship (the so-called Optanden); but, only about 50,000 actually emigrated, while the rest acquired German citizenship.[9]. MacMillan, Margaret. 25 May. Primary Documents - French Proclamation on Invasion of Alsace, 7 August 1914. Summerall, Charles Pelot - France. (1882), in which he famously argues that the nation is a "daily plebiscite"; to this day, his text remains one of the most influential analyses of the subject. Great Britain. The young, the educated bourgeoisie (often francophone cadres and notables), and workers and artisans figured prominently among those who departed. ASSISTA:NT PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO YITHENq by the Treaty of Frankfurt of May 10, 1871, France VI' was forced to cede Alsace and Lorraine to Germany there was created one of the most difficult and most permanent problems of internationtal relations. Historical Section. The Franco-Prussian War, in reality a war pitting the French Second Empire against Prussia and its south German allies, completed the process of German unification and fundamentally altered the balance of power in Europe. At the time of the armistice talks, France demanded the return of Alsace-Lorraine without waiting for a conclusion of the peace process. Spindler, Charles. Romance dialects (belonging to the langues d'ol like French): The general government of Elsass (1875) by A.Petermann. Roger Alsatians and Lorrainers, however, moved from initial protest against German rule in the 1870s and 1880s to demands for autonomy in the 1890s and beyond. The treaty was presented to the German delegation for signature on May 7, 1919, at the Palace of Versailles near Paris. As such, Germany was to be held liable for all material damages. Transitional between Central German and Upper German: Byrnes, Joseph F. "The relationship of religious practice to linguistic culture: language, religion, and education in Alsace and the Roussillon, 18601890. ), This page was last edited on 16 May 2023, at 21:53. Venez en aide aux soldats Alsaciens-Lorraines. The policy of the German Empire was to impose the use of German. To many Germans, the treaty seemed to contradict the the very first of Wilsons Fourteen Points, which called for transparency in peace negotiations and diplomacy. I am looking for a small village named Bremelbach. I am trying to find the name of the village in Alsace-Lorraine where he grew up. Wahl, Alfred, and Jean-Claude Richez. Nazi reprisals against the French Resistance in Alsace were severe; many were sent to die in the Alsatian concentration camp of Schirmeck. [CDATA[ France was not prepared for a military conflict with Germany. However, it is probably Bremmelbach. //

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