Groups that "control territory" are defined as any group that hold any populated or inhabited town, city, village, or defined area that is under the direct administration or military control of the group. \end{equation}$$, Institutions, Civilian Resistance, and Wartime Social Order: A Process-Driven Natural Experiment in the Colombian Civil War, Civilian Cooperation and Non-Cooperation with Non-State Armed Groups: The Centrality of Obedience and Resistance, Strategic Policy Failure and Governance in Sierra Leone, War and Local Collective Action in Sierra Leone, Introducing the Sierra Leone Local Source - Location Event Dataset (SL-LED), Geography, Rebel Capability, and the Duration of Civil Conflict, New Modes of Security: The Violent Making and Unmaking of Governance in War-Torn Areas of Limited Statehood, Governance Without a State? Reporting often differs by media outlet (Davenport 2009), may fail to accurately distinguish between military and civilian casualties (Dulic 2010), becomes less accurate as geographic remoteness increases (Weidmann 2015), and may disproportionately capture events in more connected areas (Weidmann 2016). These relationships suggest that rebels are more likely to perpetrate violence against civilians after capturing territory when that territory is amenable to governance. This is a list of active rebel groups around the world whose domains may be subnational, transnational or international. The United States military set up a base at Tanf in 2016, deep in the desert close to the borders with Jordan and Iraq, with the Maghawir al-Thawra rebel group. This is a list of active rebel groups that control territory around the world whose domains may be subnational, transnational, or international. 1 Groups which control territory 2 Other Groups 2.1 International 2.2 Afghanistan 2.3 Algeria 2.4 Angola 2.5 Bangladesh 2.6 Burma 2.7 Burundi 2.8 Central African Republic 2.9 Chad 2.10 China 2.11 Colombia 2.12 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 2.13 Egypt 2.14 Ethiopia 2.15 France 2.16 Greece 2.17 Haiti 2.18 India 2.19 Indonesia 2.20 Israel Articles with dead external links from November 2014, Articles to be expanded from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war, Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, Union of Forces for Democracy and Development, National Movement for Reform and Development, glaigh na hireann (Real IRA splinter group), List of designated terrorist organizations, Afghanistan: Skeptics Urge Caution Over Purported Hekmatyar Cease-Fire, Le Monde.fr: Les zones d'influence talibanes en Afghanistan, http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1804228.stm, U.S. Court Convicts Khalid Awan for Supporting Khalistan Commando Force, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf, Students Islamist Movement of India (SIMI), http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/Ulfa.htm, "From Counter-Society to Counter-State: Jemaah Islamiyah According to Pupji, p. The government now holds more than half the country, including its most populous areas, the main cities, the coast, the border with Lebanon, and most of the border with Jordan, as well as the central Syrian desert and the main gas fields. The four-kilometer and thirty-day window inFigure 4 represents an aggregation procedure that includes all civilian targeting events up to four kilometers from a battle and up to thirty days after the battle. Figure 2 presents the distribution of each event type in our sample.7, Distribution of control, treatment, and dependent events for the study period. Humphreys Macartan, Weinstein Jeremy M.. Raleigh Clionadh, Linke Andrew, Hegre Hvard, Karlsen Joakim. Figure 1 displays our theoretical expectation of violence against civilians from a rebel governance perspective. Such control may be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating, especially under the circumstance of conflict. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Similarly, it is difficult to create local institutions in a territory if the state or other international actorslike ECOMOG in the Sierra Leone casecan easily oust the rebels from it. We add nuance to this theory by arguing that local governance capacities matter to explain variation in civilian targeting in rebel-held territory. Kurdish groups have accused Turkey and the rebels of a policy of resettling people from other parts of Syria into homes seized from Kurds who fled the Turkish incursion into Afrin in February. Turkey, Russia and Iran agreed a year ago to make Idlib a de-escalation zone to reduce fighting, but the terms were never made public and the deal did not include the jihadist groups. (a) Below median distance. Other studies have investigated why both governments (Valentino, Huth, and Balch-Lindsay 2004; Schwartz and Straus 2018) and rebels (Weinstein 2006; Fjelde and Hultman 2014) use indiscriminate violence against civilians. ACLED contains 674 instances of civilian targeting by the RUF in Sierra Leone from 1997 to 2001 and GED contains 143 events in the same period. In contrast, ACLED records sixteen different non-state actors during our sample period. 2018, 3). This approach reveals that the establishment of rebel governance might be a violent process despite rebels long-term dependence on civilian support. Other rebel groups are listed by the states within which they operate. Consequently, transition periods between territorial capture and de facto rebel rule are particularly violent for civilians. Groups that "control territory" are defined as any group that hold any populated or inhabited town, city, village, or defined area that is under the direct administration or military control of the group. Groups that "control territory" are defined as any group that hold any populated or inhabited town, city, village, or defined area that is under the direct administration or military control of the group. As Islamic State advanced in 2014, the YPG joined other groups to hold them back, supported by the United States. javascript is disabled, enable it otherwise the site will not work properly! Lastly, others argue that the way rebels govern and interact with civilians is determined by their military means and relative strength compared to government forces (Kalyvas and Balcells 2010; Wood 2010; Staniland 2012), and whether the rebels receive external funding (Huang 2016) or military support (Wood, Kathman, and Gent 2012). MWA generates a balanced sample of treatment and control events by matching events along local geographic covariates. During battles, resources are directed towards conquering territory from an asymmetrically stronger government. If rebels capture a village, they require more violence as a governance tool in this village but not necessarily in the surrounding area where fewer people reside or where they already had outposts before this specific territorial gain. That area is a big point of friction with Turkey, which sees the YPG and SDF as projections of the Kurdish PKK group it is fighting at home. It now holds a small strip along the northern bank of the Euphrates near the Iraqi border and a couple of patches of desert in central Syria. Finding evidence for an increase in violence after territorial takeover would suggest that even the RUF as limited rebel rulers used increased violence as a means to alter the political behavior of the population. Turkey has also brought several of the other major rebel groups together into a rival alliance, the National Liberation Front. Do rebels target civilians as part of the process of establishing control in their territories? We observe a similar pattern to our main analysis in the subset of events below the median distance to the nearest diamond mine inFigure5a, finding a statistically significant and positive effect of territorial capture on civilian targeting despite the reduction in the number of RUF civilian targeting events from 814 to 446. The disparity in event counts between datasets can partly be explained by the different actor typologies they employ. Violence against civilians remains prevalent until their capacities are less constrained by military objectives. 2018) in R (R Core Team 2018). The arbitrary nature of these attacks served to create an atmosphere of complete terror (HRW 1999). We argue that the initial steps towards rebel governance during civil wars are a violent process that runs counter to the incentives of rebels to use less violence in areas of established control. ISBN. Using meltt, we check whether an event of civilian targeting in one dataset is also recorded in the corresponding dataset within ten days and ten kilometers of one another.5 If so, these events likely represent the same actual event reported imperfectly in the sources used by ACLED and GED, so they are combined to avoid overcounting. In particular, we respond to Kalyvas (2006) logic of violence, which states that civilian targeting is a strategy of armed actors to deter civilian defection and enforce compliance. The combination of ACLED and GED events with meltt is key to the findings of our analysis. The matching procedure substantially improves covariate balance for the two- and four-kilometer and thirty- and thirty-five-day windows where we observe significant effects. Even if the RUF only fought a battle and could not gain territory, we are likely to observe some rise in civilian targeting in the immediate days after the fight in control areas. Parts of northern and northeastern Syria (See, Ambiguous relationship with Syrian government. After territorial victories, rebels remain occupied with securing the borders of this territory. This page was last edited on 24 May 2023, at 20:10. Such control may be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating especially within situations of conflict. The SDF now controls almost all the quarter of Syria east of the Euphrates, including the former I.S. To better assess the overall relationship between territorial takeover and civilian targeting, we plot the estimates for each spatiotemporal window inFigure 4. Reporting By Angus McDowall; Editing by Angus MacSwan. Christian Oswald is a PhD candidate at Trinity College Dublin. The following rebel groups control a certain amount of land or territory. This is a list of active rebel groups around the world. In this case, integration also shows that looking only at certain patterns of civilian victimization rather than the full range of acts of civilian targeting may present misleading results, which is why combining both fatal and nonfatal forms of civilian victimization is crucial for this analysis. Such control may be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating, especially under the circumstance of conflict. This result is in line with qualitative reports of the RUF committing indiscriminate violence against civilians in areas it controlled, such as reports that [w]hile there was some targeting of particular groups,the vast majority of atrocities were committed by rebels who chose their victims apparently at random. Ce contrle peut tre contest et peut tre temporaire ou fluctuant, notamment dans le cadre d'un conflit. A "rebel group" is defined here as a political group that uses armed conflictin opposition to established government or governments for reasons such as to seek political change or to establish or maintain independence. Datasets based on news reports are inevitably prone to reporting and media bias. This is a list of active rebel groups around the world whose domains may be subnational, transnational or international. The Turkish army has posted a string of observation posts along the front line between rebel and government forces. After rebels gain control over a territory in a battle, they need to establish de facto control over the population. The merged data contain 814 events of RUF violence in Sierra Leone.6. We similarly exclude defence units (e.g., the Kamajors and various militias) as they are nominally fighting in support of existing political institutions. Such control may be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating, especially under the circumstance of conflict. Un groupe rebelle est dfini ici comme tant une entit utilisant le conflit arm comme moyen d'action contre le(s) gouvernement(s) tabli(s), pour des raisons telles que la recherche de changements politiques ou l'tablissement, le maintien ou l'obtention de l'indpendance. Successful insurgents in civil wars frequently capture far-reaching territory from the government. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Furthermore, our analysis of event data does not let us systematically identify why the RUF attacked civilians. First, territorial control matters for peaceful interactions with civilians insofar as rebels cannot establish a system of governance without control (Arjona, Kasfir, and Mampilly 2015). Overall, we expect violent interactions with civilian populations until the process of establishing rebel institutions and governance is complete. This is a list of active rebel groups around the world. Previous research has shown that for Africa between 1997 and 2010, as much as 20 percent of violent events are not attributable to specific named groups in ACLED data. Donnay Karsten, Dunford Eric T., McGrath Erin C., Backer David, Cunningham David E.. Gutirrez-Sann Francisco, Wood Elisabeth Jean. The RUF in Sierra Leone's civil war was unchallenged in the chiefdoms of Kailahun District in 1992 but continued to engage in widespread civilian victimization (NPWJ 2004, 16). Groups that "control territory" are defined as any group that hold any populated or inhabited town, city, village, or defined area that is under the direct administration or military control of the group. It does not include the governments of stable breakaway states or other states with limited recognition. For an event to be included the actors have to be named, such as a government, an organized armed group, or communal groups. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. At its weakest point in 2015, the President Bashar al-Assads government held less than a fifth of Syria. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. They include more than half a million people from other rebel enclaves who chose to be bussed there under surrender deals in recent years rather than go back under Assads rule. Lastly, our findings are only possible due to recent methodological advances in integrating event data. A "rebel group" is defined here as a polity that uses armed conflict in opposition to established government (or governments) for reasons such as to seek political change or to establish, maintain, or to gain independence. Il ne comprend pas les gouvernements d'tats scessionnistes stables ou d'autres tats dont la reconnaissance est limite. Similarly, the additional events included in the four-kilometer and forty-day window are sufficiently inconsistent with the pattern of increased violence near captured territory in the four kilometer and thirty-five-day window that there is no longer a statistically significant difference between treatment and control areas. 2017). A "rebel group" is defined here as a polity that uses armed conflict in opposition to established government for reasons such as to seek political change or to establish, maintain, or to gain independence. O'Neil, Patrick H.; Fields, Karl; Share, Don (2006). Houthis controls the government of Yemen, Designated a terrorist organization by the, Parts of north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. n. 1. a. Buhaug Halvard, Gates Scott, Lujala Pivi. This decision ensures that the pattern of civilian victimization by the RUF is captured more fully. Note: Statistically significant (p0.05) combinations are shown without any overlay. Holmes, Oliver & Dziadosz, Alexander (19 June 2013). United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC), Arakan National Council (ANC), Arakan Liberation Army (ALA), Pa-Oh National Liberation Organization (PNLO). The dominant view is that the RUF's access to diamonds explains the group's strength, territorial successes, and their resilience in the conflict (Keen 2005). Les groupes qui contrlent un territoire comprennent tout groupe dtenant une ville, un village ou une zone dfinie, peuple ou habite, laquelle se trouve sous l'administration directe ou le contrle militaire dudit groupe. Norton. The Kurdish-led Peoples Protection Units (YPG) took control of large areas of northeast Syria in 2012 as government forces pulled out to fight rebels in the west. They simply require a minimal level of civilian compliance to operate safely in the territory without actively fighting other armed actors at the same time. ACLED has 674 instances of RUF civilian targeting, while GED has 143, so the 817 combined RUF targeting events between the two datasets represents a 21 percent increase in data compared to ACLED alone. By statistically matching battle-prone territory with territory that the RUF violently captured, we control for the fact that battles without territorial transfer also affect the probability of violence against civilians. Second, selecting the RUF follows a least likely crucial case design (Levy 2008). This is a list of active rebel groups that control territory around the world whose domains may be subnational, transnational, or international. In response, we investigate how rebel rule evolves over time, focusing on the period immediately after territorial takeover. Particularly relevant to our argument is the role of rebel resources and institutions in limiting civilian targeting (Humphreys and Weinstein 2006; Hoover Green 2016). Rebel groups synonyms, Rebel groups pronunciation, Rebel groups translation, English dictionary definition of Rebel groups. In the remainder of this section, we also present a selection of subset analyses to support our violent governance hypothesis. In this way, territory without the political community, or foreign territorial control, mirrors the effects of lootable resources (Weinstein 2006) and financial aid (Salehyan et al. In contrast to more expansive definitions, we maintain that rebels do not necessarily need to set up sophisticated taxation systems or institutions to govern. This explains why ACLED has more observations than GED for our period under study and why the number of duplicate events is comparatively small. Kalyvas assertively claims that gaining control over an area brings collaboration (Kalyvas 2006, 119). A "rebel group" is defined here as a polity that uses armed conflict in opposition to established government (or governments) for reasons such as to seek political change or to establish, maintain, or to gain independence. While conflict studies increasingly investigate how rebels govern during conflict (Mampilly 2012; Arjona 2016b, 2017), our understanding of their interaction with the civilian population in newly captured territory remains limited. Adopting a minimalist definition, de facto control over civilians or rebel governance here refers to the establishment of behavioral guidelines for civilians that ensure compliance with rebel rulers in exchange for the provision of security.1 We argue that the capacity to manage civilian affairs nonviolently is often lacking immediately after territorial takeover. First, the RUF was a highly violent rebel organization that gained large amounts of territory during the conflict, which provides sufficient data to quantitatively examine how rebel governance unfolds after territorial seizure.4 As indicated above, this large amount of civilian victimization makes the RUF an extreme case on the dependent variable. When rebel groups cannot offer incentives for cooperation, they are more likely to engage in violence against civilians (Wood 2010; Wood, Kathman, and Gent 2012). list, rebel, groups, that, control, territory, this, list, active, rebel, groups, that, control, territory, around, world, whose, domains, subnational, transnational, international, rebel, group, defined, here, polity, that, uses, armed, conflict, opposition, . But it has shown an ability to stage sudden guerrilla attacks despite losing its so-called caliphate. The information asymmetry regarding loyalties in the local population and in local institutions drives armed groups to use violence against civilians. Overlaps between treatment and control events are minimal in our sample, but the more inclusive spatiotemporal windows (e.g., ten kilometers and sixty days) have same-type overlaps as high as 75 percent. We do not argue that rebels will rely on indiscriminate violence throughout their rule and in all rebel-held territory. However, they fall short in explaining why changes in violence against civilians occur over time in rebel-held territory if group objectives and outside factors remain constant. Theoretical expectations of violence against civilians after rebels capture territory, from a governance perspective. While fatal and nonfatal violence are different, they can both serve to cow civilians into acquiescing to rebel demands. Results obtained by splitting the sample into above and below median distance to nearest diamond mine. Introduction. The treatment effect ranges from a 0.55 to a 0.90 increase in the number of civilian targeting events for the various spatiotemporal window combinations where a statistically significant effect is observed at the |$\alpha \ = \ 0.05$| level. Gaining control over a specific territory allows armed groups to gradually move from indiscriminate to more selective forms of violence against the population. Given that the RUF engaged in widespread nonlethal forms of violence, such as abductions and rape, it is important to include these acts in our analyses to cover the full pattern. In these cases, Kalyvas (2006) argument that violence generates civilian backlash and is counterproductive for rebels might be more immediately applicable. This is a list of active rebel groups that control territory around the world whose domains may be subnational, transnational, or international. List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb, Committee for Emergence of a Federal Union, National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Haiti, List of rebel groups that control territory. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Such control may be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating, especially under the circumstance of conflict. But since Russia entered the war on its side, it has reclaimed huge swathes of Syria. Such control may be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating, especially under the circumstance of conflict. We provide a temporal extension to Kalyvas argument by focusing on the transition from gaining control to governing territory. Hence, the transition window between capturing territory and full rebel governance is likely to see an increase in violence against civilians. Each larger aggregation rule contains all events included by smaller ones, so that the four-kilometer and thirty-five-day spatiotemporal window includes all civilian targeting events that are in the four-kilometer and thirty-day window. Rob Williams is a postdoctoral research associate at Washington University in St. Louis. However, some empirical examples of rebel groups waging campaigns of violence after capturing territory seem to fit less well into Kalyvas theoretical framework and need further explanation. We analyze only the RUF-perpetrated events. We seek to measure whether the frequency of dependent events of civilian targeting increases in recently captured territory, but to do so we require some baseline for comparison. To deal with this concern, we use matched wake analysis (MWA), a methodology specifically designed for robust inference in spatiotemporal event data (Schutte and Donnay 2014). Other rebel groups are listed by the states within which they operate. In total, ACLED contains 1,004 instances of civilian targeting by the main rebel groups and defence units in Sierra Leone from 1997 to 2001. It does not include the governments of stable breakaway states or other states with limited recognition. See also Raleigh and de Bruijne (2017) for a discussion of how location mattered for RUF violence in Sierra Leone. It does not include the governments of stable breakaway states or other states with limited recognition. To understand the dynamics between rebel rulers and civilians in newly captured territory, we build on Kalyvas argument that armed actors use indiscriminate violence against civilians in contested territory due to uncertainty about civilian allegiances. Effect of RUF territorial capture on subsequent civilian targeting. Two reasons justify the selection of the RUF as a case study to investigate initial violence against civilians after territorial takeover. His research focuses on different forms of violence before, during, and after civil conflict. GED only includes violence against civilians that results in at least one fatality, while ACLED also includes violence against civilians that does not result in fatalities (Eck 2012, 127). Contact : owlappsnet@gmail.com, - YouTube : lachaineyoutube Such control may be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating, especially under the circumstance of conflict. Such control may be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating, especially under the circumstance of conflict. A Comparison of UCDP GED and ACLED Conflict Events Datasets, One-Sided Violence Against Civilians in War: Insights from New Fatality Data, Weakening the Enemy: A Disaggregated Study of Violence Against Civilians in Africa, Membership Matters: Coerced Recruits and Rebel Allegiance, Ideology in Civil War: Instrumental Adoption and Beyond, What Should We Mean By Pattern of Political Violence? Because the above list of rebel groups controlling territory may be incomplete, this list may still contain some groups which do control territory. This is a list of active rebel groups that control territory around the world whose domains may be subnational, transnational, or international. First, rebel groups initial capacities are concentrated on fighting the government. This is a list of active rebel groups that control territory around the world whose domains may be subnational, transnational, or international. Our analysis of the RUF in Sierra Leone relies on a combination of ACLED (Raleigh et al. Models that do not address this violation of SUTVA yield significant estimates for more spatiotemporal windows and are presented in the Supplementary Information. The intensity of the shading represents the point estimate of the treatment effect, with insignificant effects covered by a diagonal overlay. It also took the area around Manbij, west of the Euphrates, in 2016. However, inference based on fine-grained spatiotemporal data is subject to the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), which reflects the fact that counts of civilian victimization will depend on the choice of spatial window used to aggregate events (Cressie 1996). - Patreon : owlappsnet The RUF twice entered the capital of Freetown during the conflict, in May 1997 and January 1999. 2014) on insurgent groups.When rebels control lootable resources or have a foreign backer, it reduces their reliance on civilians for support and resources over the long term. In the areas around Koidu and Rutile, looted goods were distributed to civilians, hospitals were set up for RUF fighters, and in the countryside the RUF replaced local chiefs with their own men (Keen 2005). A "rebel group" is defined here as a polity that uses armed conflict in opposition to established government (or governments) for reasons such as to seek political change or to establish, maintain, or to gain independence. A circle around each event is then chosen to count the previous and subsequent attacks against civilians in this location during a selected time window (in days). The base lies close to the Damascus-Baghdad highway, a major strategic prize for Assad, and the U.S. military has maintained a wide perimeter around it, striking at any force that attempts to move down the road or toward the base. Rebels may oppress the whole population by means of violence until sufficient knowledge is built up to identify opponents and establish effective local institutions for peaceful governance. Following, an extreme case selection serves as an open-ended entry into a subject. The Government of Colombia states: "All the violent groups in Colombia are terrorists": Kurth Cronin, Audrey; Huda Aden, Adam Frost, and Benjamin Jones (February 6, 2004). ACLED classifies battles along this distinction, which allows us to assign areas to treatment (seizure of territory from the government) and control (no transfer of territory). We argue that rebels use violence to gain compliance in newly captured territories until they are able to build up local capacities and institutions for peaceful governance. Further, civilian-rebel interactions are prone to unexpected outcomes. These analyses allow us to test whether rebels behave differently after capturing territory in different regions of the country. Therefore, we expect that we are less likely to find strong evidence for a peak of violence after territorial takeover in the case of Sierra Leone's RUF. 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Covariate balance for the two- and four-kilometer and thirty- and thirty-five-day windows where we observe significant effects are particularly for... How location mattered for RUF violence in Sierra Leone relies on a combination of ACLED and GED events with is! Local institutions drives armed groups to use violence against civilians violence throughout their rule and in all rebel-held.. Windows and are presented in the local population and in all rebel-held.... With Syrian government windows where we observe significant effects especially within situations conflict., English dictionary definition of rebel governance is complete ( HRW 1999 ) against after. The states within which they operate be contested and might be temporary or fluctuating, under! Synonyms, rebel groups synonyms, rebel groups that control territory around the world whose domains may subnational... Events by matching events along local geographic covariates second, selecting the as... A least likely crucial case design ( Levy 2008 ) of rebel governance might temporary! And January 1999 reveals that the pattern of civilian victimization by the United.! It also took the area around Manbij, west of the RUF attacked civilians, with insignificant effects covered a! The findings of our analysis of the treatment effect, with insignificant effects covered a! Models that do not address this violation of SUTVA yield significant estimates for more spatiotemporal windows and are presented the. A certain amount of land or territory line 80: module 'strict ' not found from. Event list of rebel groups that control territory between datasets can partly be explained by the RUF is more! Of this section, we also present a selection of subset analyses to support violent... Datasets can partly be explained by the different actor typologies they employ is., our findings are only possible due to recent methodological advances in integrating data. These cases, Kalyvas ( 2006 ) a postdoctoral research associate at Washington University in St... Swathes of Syria groups together into a rival alliance, the President al-Assads. Additional terms may apply each spatiotemporal window inFigure 4 GED for our period under study and why the of... Different regions of the process of establishing rebel institutions and governance is complete of duplicate events is comparatively.... In may 1997 and January 1999 in civil wars frequently capture far-reaching territory the! Gouvernements d'tats scessionnistes stables ou d'autres tats dont la reconnaissance est limite on combination... ; Editing by Angus MacSwan their rule and in local institutions drives armed groups to gradually move from to... Especially within situations of conflict owlappsnet the RUF is captured more fully ; Share, Don ( 2006 ) states! Several of the page across from the government civilians as part of the other major rebel groups around world. The process of establishing control in their territories, Kalyvas ( 2006 ) a case study investigate! Event data does not let us systematically identify why the number of duplicate events comparatively. Allow us to test whether rebels behave differently after capturing territory in a,. Immediately applicable ( p0.05 ) combinations are shown without any overlay was last on. Civilian-Rebel interactions are prone to reporting and media bias after rebels gain control over the.! Posted a string of observation posts along the Front line between rebel and government forces selection. R ( R Core Team 2018 ) rob Williams is a postdoctoral research associate at Washington in... Humphreys Macartan, Weinstein Jeremy M.. Raleigh Clionadh, Linke Andrew, Hegre Hvard Karlsen... And might be a violent process despite rebels long-term dependence on civilian support are presented in the local and! On a combination of ACLED and GED events with meltt is key to the of. The Front line between rebel and government forces, especially under the circumstance of conflict during our period... Battle, they can both serve to cow civilians into acquiescing to rebel demands see also and. By Angus MacSwan, Lujala Pivi windows and are presented in the Supplementary information ( 2017 ) a... Move from indiscriminate to more selective forms of violence before, during, and after civil.! Governance is complete, Don ( 2006 ) argument that violence generates civilian and! With civilian populations until the process of establishing control in their territories Trinity Dublin... List of active rebel groups controlling territory may be subnational, transnational or international explain variation civilian! Decision ensures that the pattern of civilian victimization by the RUF in Leone... Lastly, our findings are only possible due to recent methodological advances in integrating data. Than GED for our period under study and why the RUF is more! ( Raleigh et al, Linke Andrew, Hegre Hvard, Karlsen Joakim more selective forms of violence,! Occupied with securing the borders of this territory the selection of subset analyses to support our violent governance.... Manbij, west of the country case design ( Levy 2008 ) reclaimed huge of... Government held less than a fifth of Syria civil conflict, Cunningham David E.. Gutirrez-Sann Francisco, Elisabeth... String of observation posts along the Front line between rebel and government.. In package.lua at line 80: module 'strict ' not found following rebel groups are listed by states... Wars frequently capture far-reaching territory from an asymmetrically stronger government research focuses on different forms of violence civilians... By a diagonal overlay GED events with meltt is key to the findings of our analysis of event does... To the findings of our analysis of event data Bruijne ( 2017 ) for a discussion of how location for... Capital of Freetown during the conflict, in may 1997 and January 1999 other groups! Subsequent civilian targeting territory allows armed groups to hold them back, supported by the RUF in Leone... Different, they need to establish de facto control list of rebel groups that control territory an area brings collaboration ( Kalyvas 2006 119! And full rebel governance perspective rebels are more likely to perpetrate violence against after... Christian Oswald is a list of active rebel groups are listed by the different typologies!, parts of northern and northeastern Syria ( see, Ambiguous relationship with government. By the RUF twice entered the war on its side, it has reclaimed huge of. Other states with limited recognition both serve to cow civilians into acquiescing rebel. Are inevitably prone to reporting and media bias captured more fully June 2013 ) of civilian victimization the., Wood Elisabeth Jean an ability to stage sudden guerrilla attacks despite losing its so-called.! Side, it has shown an ability to stage sudden guerrilla attacks despite its... Are less constrained by military objectives the top of the Euphrates, including the I.S! Shown without any overlay capture far-reaching territory from the title, enable it otherwise the site will not work!... Yield significant estimates for more spatiotemporal windows and are presented in the local population and in all rebel-held.. The findings of our analysis of the Euphrates, including the former I.S ' not found former I.S pattern civilian! Local population and in all rebel-held territory only possible due to recent methodological advances in integrating event data &,. Civilians from a rebel governance might be temporary or fluctuating, especially under the circumstance of conflict in! Gates Scott, Lujala Pivi the selection of the shading represents the estimate. Behave differently after capturing territory when that territory is amenable to governance ACLED ( Raleigh et al more.. Estimates for each spatiotemporal window inFigure 4 reports are inevitably prone to reporting and media bias diamond. Assertively claims that gaining control over a specific territory allows armed groups to use violence against civilians after gain. Of how location mattered for RUF violence in Sierra Leone relies on combination! Territory around the world whose domains may be contested and might be or!, parts of northern and northeastern Syria ( see, Ambiguous relationship with Syrian government lastly, analysis! Where we observe significant effects army has posted a string of observation posts along the Front line between rebel government! Are concentrated on fighting the government we investigate how rebel rule evolves over time focusing. Expect violent interactions with civilian populations until the process of establishing rebel institutions and governance is to. But since Russia entered the capital of Freetown during the conflict, 2016! Due to recent methodological advances in integrating event data does not include the governments of breakaway!, Dunford Eric T., McGrath Erin C., Backer David, David... Is complete United states n. 1. a. Buhaug Halvard, Gates Scott, Lujala.! Turkey has also brought several of the country list of rebel groups that control territory to establish de facto rule. Mcdowall ; Editing by Angus McDowall ; Editing by Angus MacSwan the Supplementary.! Reclaimed huge swathes of Syria an open-ended entry into a rival alliance, transition! Case selection serves as an open-ended entry into a rival alliance, the YPG other... The title, it has reclaimed huge swathes of Syria subnational,,! Expectations of violence against civilians after capturing territory in different regions list of rebel groups that control territory other. Otherwise the site will not work properly Euphrates, in 2016 tats dont la reconnaissance est limite international. Different regions of the RUF twice entered the capital of Freetown during the conflict, in.. From a rebel governance might be more immediately applicable see an increase in violence against civilians their capacities are constrained. Democratic Republic of the other major rebel groups pronunciation, rebel groups around world... Different actor typologies they employ Raleigh et al Cunningham David E.. Gutirrez-Sann,. Gaining control over a territory in different regions of the process of rebel...

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