6 No. In a review of literature on the topic[ii], Anthony C. Yu alerted us to recent attempts at applying Western critical vocabulary to Chinese literature. - By recommending again a strict differentiation between these two concepts (see my articles, 1990.1998, and 2000), we only return to the old and proven. 6 (2019): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Arab dialects that formed the classical Arabic, in which the Holy Qur'an was revealed, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. The Indian authority on aesthetics, Coowarasmamy: We may say indeed, that whenever, if ever, Oriental art reproduces evanescent appearances, textures, or anatomical construction with literal accuracy, this is merely incidental, and represents the least significant part of the work. - High royalties for the sales As a result, readers find that characters in the western novels are more vivid. Authors make lots of similes to describe the characters inner world. At first, there may be no distinction between those who supply the arts and those who consume them. The soul of good poetry is supposed to be the unspoken. Therefore this value is necessarily relative: there are as many valid decisions in respect to value as there are valid ideas of man. 6 No. Shamsuddin, 0000003249 00000 n Also the theory of empathy, as worked out by Theodor Lipps and Volkelt, had its precursors and in India was partially explained with the deja-vu phenomenon stemming from prior incarnations. <<2F614A6CE6ACB2110A00C0A8A978FC7F>]/Prev 174392>> 9 (2018): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Rhetorical Sciences in Arabic and Principles of Modern Linguistics and Stylistics, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. | Kira Lei Chen Grade 7. Only in one case were they sharp observers.[] trailer Beginning in the Age of Discovery, western culture and eastern culture began to blend with each other. In the Middle Ages, it was just the opposite. (21). Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research, Transactions on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Transactions on Networks and Communications. They succeeded admirably in grammar where they only had to examine their language, and they were in an equally advantageous position in poetics [] Their school books contain a wealth of carefully selected stanzas. 27 (Mnchen: iudicium 2001) 71-103. Even the autonomous mode of existence of poetry is hinted at when in rasa-theory two kinds of emotions are differentiated, private ones (related to the poets life) and general or fictitious ones, which are supposed to be the true material of poetry.-. H.S in: Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature 37. Compared to eastern novels, writing styles are totally different. The function of Ingardens spots of indeterminacy (Unbestimmtheitsstellen) were anticipated when the evocative character of good poetry was stressed again and again. Both types were written in highly developed cultures, if ever so different ones. 104 0 obj 0000001403 00000 n Your email address will not be published. 1-2 (Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Orissa, India, 2001) 89-125. Link between East and West; Arabic literature; Western literature; Features of influence between them; Renewal movement in Arabic literature. [] However, in regards to the latter the Indians were taking specialization to a much greater extreme than we did and subdivided some forms of presentation which we subsume under one name (e.g, comparison), into many special figures. Performances of dances and other ceremonies are shared by all for a common purpose, and craft work is contributed by everyone. [] In this constant reference to types of activity, Oriental art differs essentially from Greek art and its prolongations in Europe.. The difference to our present concept lies in the fact that we consider it to be a deficiency if a work of art is promotional or didactical. Herrmann Jacobis[xiii] still unsurpassed description, dating from 1910, equally stresses the scholastic and dialectical character of all of Indian scholarly literature (and with it of literary criticism) and the tendency of Indian scholars towards abstract conceptualization. Where modern science uses names and algebraic formulas in establishing its hierarchy of forces, the East has attempted to express its understanding of life by means of precise visual symbols. Authors put a lot of implied ideas in the dialog. This, however, was the exception to the rule, as we shall see later. 0 0000005172 00000 n Eastern literature is marked by the unique Eastern culture, traditions and philosophy which has also profoundly influenced the Western literature. It is not only the quality of esthetical standards that varies widely in different cultures, and within these cultures in various stages of development of these cultures, it is the concept of literature itself, which has to be examined comparatively. Western culture has seriously influenced eastern culture, as can be seen in literature, clothing, and entertainment. Siti Sara Binti Hj. 6 No. - Every paper finds readers, Kyoto Sangyo University 0000002785 00000 n Also, unlike eastern novels, western novels are set around characters as they are working to achieve their dreams; in eastern novels, on the other hand, characters are intended to make a world a better place. But even if it were, it would not enable us to explain why certain works of literature have been selected and passed on as exemplary, and others not. The oldest manual of Alankara passed down to us is Bharatas Instructions for the Art of Acting [], which besides its main topic, theater, also already develops the doctrine of Rasas [] it most likely stems from the first century after Christ., [xiii] Excelling in abstraction, they always remained children in observation and experimentation. One of the best examples are the Jewish and Arabic literary works, the influence of which can be found all over the world, not only in the Western literary art. Mohd. We mean precisely those cultures that had not yet reached the stage of mutual interaction, exchange, and influence that was meant by Goethe when he coined in 1827 his concept of World Literature[v]. In order to support my points I had to quote secondary sources more extensivley than I would have preferred. 7 No. That is how they soon came to differentiate soon 25, later almost 80, and finally over 100 forms of presentation. They want social justice. [vi] Comp. 2 (2020): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Muammadiyah Fact or Complete Human in the theory of Pantheism to Ibn Arab, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. Most critics silently assume that all so called masterworks of literature in various cultures and periods have been selected based on more or less the same set of esthetical standards which are merely obscured by all kinds of circumstantial (cultural) ballast. Salahuddin Mohd. 0000030327 00000 n When Germany, after the confessional wars, made a first attempt at developing a kind of national literature, the Indian classicism was long over. We also dealt with the features of renewal in Arabic literature, Arabic poetry and its schools in the modern era. 0000000976 00000 n 0000006728 00000 n It may be that our appreciation does not relate to the same work, even though we may think so. Salahuddin Mohd. Its allegorical character by which it becomes a metaphor we would call its didactical nature. As Horst Steinmetz has correctly established, Goethe meant predominantly European literature with his concept, not a list of great books, comprising Arab, Chinese, Indian, Japanese or Persian ones, as would be taught nowadays at an American college. A different version in German was appeared under the title Kanon und Wert. It enables different readers of different times to read different things out of (or into) great works. 0000022540 00000 n Even when the arts become specialities reserved for certain individuals, there is in early societies no noticeable distinction between the objectives of the artists and those of the community. Certainly, there were also other kinds of cultural colonialism besides the Western one, e.g., that of the Arab culture in Mogul India and of the Chinese in all of its satellite states.- But we are accustomed to distinguishing these cultural spheres as a whole, while we are not always aware of the far reach of our own cultural influence. Together, we will go through the development of the main Eastern literatures over time, and the most prominent works and authors. 4 (2021): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Frbi's "Utopia" and its relevance to the Greek Theory of Emanation (As an Islamic civilization perspective), Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. 0000002509 00000 n 10 (2020): Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Praise of the Prophet Muammad and His Message in the Poetry of Muammad Iqbal, Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal: Vol. Willy R. Berger expresses his scepticism of fruitful comparisons in the following manner: As much as we wish to agree with Etiembles exhortations that Comparative Literature should push beyond mere registration of historical connections towards an esthetical analysis of comparable works, we still have to doubt that a comparison between a Chinese novel of the Ming-dynasty and a European novel of the Baroque period can yield anything besides those abstract conditions sine qua non du poeme which equal the Platonic detachment and ubiquity of Staigers basic concepts.. Vol. Shamsuddin, All translations in this article are mine. - All we can do is to draw logical conclusions from an accepted concept of man, which we must first decide on., [v] Haskell M. Block: [] most of us would agree that World Literature is not a happy term., Comp. 2022 Taipei Teen TribuneAn Englist Co., Ltd. publication. 0000004740 00000 n It did not represent a category of its own merit, qualitatively differing from dresses, tools or weapons (15ff) [] The moral meaning of a work of art roughly corresponds to what we would call now its promotional appeal. It seems to make sense to only compare literatures of a comparable period. However, it does not do that because it excels in special literary or other qualities but rather primarily because it reacts to situations in life which increasingly resemble each other, in spite of differing national environments, especially in the so-called capitalist countries.[vi]. Shamsuddin, S., & Ahmad, S. S. bint H. . [ii] Yu: The use of the more peculiarly Western critical concepts and categories in the study of Chinese literature is, in principle, no more inappropriate than the classical scholars use of modern techniques and methods for his study of ancient materials. But as a result of the world becoming more closely connected, other Eastern literary forms and styles have found their way into the Western market as well and opened a whole new world to the Western readers. World literature is, as a product of economical, historical, and intellectual development, primarily to be defined as a literature which transgresses and wants to transgress national and linguistic barriers from the outset. [i] Portions of this article were presented in German at the 10th International Congress of the International Association for Germanic Studies, Sept. 10th to 16th 2000 in Vienna, under the title Kanon und Wert. The full German version was published under the title Kanon und Wert (10 Thesen mit Kommentaren) in Acta Humanistica et Scientifica Universitatis Sangio Kyotiensis, Foreign Languages and Literature Series No. 0000001585 00000 n [] There are great works of literature which resemble wines that do not travel well.. We hear the same from a modern specialist, Helmut Hoffmann: For Indian literature it has to be considered as typical that [] the borderlines between poetic and scholarly literature remain indistinct. Our Homer is neither identical with the Homer of the middle ages, nor is our Shakespeare the one of his contemporaries; various historical periods have constructed a different Homer and Shakespeare for their own purposes and found in their texts elements of various value, even though these texts were not necessarily the same.-. For instance, a Western critic might consider political periodization an extrinsic type of classification when applied to the development of the arts, but in China art was generally viewed as an integral part of government and society, and there was no initial distinction between ethical and artistic standards of judgement [] Rankings of poets in broad groupings are likely to have been influenced by extra-artistic factors such as social position or political career , Similarly , Maureen Robertson: From a modern Western point of view, period schemes borrowed from political and intellectual history are to be termed extrinsic, not being based on evidence taken exclusively from the art objects themselves.

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