TOS4. The most common data quality issues addressed will be checks for correct taxonomic nomenclature and georeferences, which can often be assessed with readily-available online resources. Of these, about 1.1 million (24%) of digitized records have been georeferenced, which represents 18% of all catalogued lots [49]. What is a trophic hormone? No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215794, https://zenodo.org/record/2589439#.XKfWOutKjBI, https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/jbi/article/view/4126, https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=dc419213-0ca3-48cc-901c-2934ecf4441e, http://www.fishesoftexas.org/documentation/. Once a country attains the capacity to manage its genetic resources, it will automatically enable it to produce novel products from its own biodiversity. Novel and integrative applications are restricted to certain taxonomic groups and regions with higher numbers of quality records. efficiently identifying records that may need correction or attention from taxonomic experts). Other forms of bias were rarely addressed in only 12% of papers and include temporal bias (usually seasonal bias for certain times of year, or bias for certain years where specialists are active), taxonomic bias (e.g. The most cited databases include: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF [10]), Barcode of Life Data Systems that includes species occurrence and genetic data (BOLDSystems [59, 60]), SpeciesLink [61], Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS [62]), Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH [63]), Tropicos [64], FishBase [65,66], Fishes of Texas [67], and CONABIO REMIB (Table 1, [68]); note that we did not find significant changes over the study time period (20102017) in usage of individual databases, likely due to insufficient data points per year. Investigation, However, identifying decline requires large numbers of records along with systematically collected surveys over time, which often do not exist for rare and potentially threatened species [108]. Data curation, In the aforementioned survey assessment of user needs for primary biodiversity data [23,24], these same categories of use were among the top ways in which people listed that they use primary biodiversity data. The total number of invertebrate studies was equivalent to the total number of vertebrate studies (Fig 3). When data are available, researchers must check for common errors and biases known to occur in opportunistic datasets that are often assembled over long time periods (e.g. We determine how studies link primary biodiversity data to other data types by characterizing the variety of data compiled and used in each study (see S1 Table for full descriptions of 28 data linkage tags). The terms included: species occurrence database (8,800 results), natural history collection database (634 results), herbarium database (16,500 results), biodiversity database (3,350 results), primary biodiversity data database (483 results), museum collection database (4,480 results), digital accessible information database (10 results), and digital accessible knowledge database (52 results)note that quotations are used as part of the search terms where specific phrases are needed in whole. Another direct impact of biotechnology could be episodic genetic erosion, which could threaten the genetic diversity on which this technology depends. Three of the top five data types linked to online occurrence records included other types of occurrence dataliterature-based occurrence data, surveys, and specimen data from natural history collections (n = 189, n = 145, and n = 135 papers used these data types, respectively). Data uses requiring large numbers of dispersed records, such as species distribution models and biodiversity studies, will be the most common applications of online databases. Indirect impacts of biotechnology are immense and of very great relevance to people in developing countries who rely directly on biodiversity for their sustenance. Explain with suitable example. taxonomy, ecology, biodiversity informatics) and geographical regions [110]. The numbers of papers addressing vertebrates and invertebrates has increased slightly and were roughly equivalent over time (Fig 3). But if specimens exist, this information can be verified or corrected by taxonomic experts. Uses involving other online data types (i.e. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The biggest obstacle for biodiversity data users is obtaining records of sufficient quantity and quality for the region and taxonomic group of interest [24,25]. Automating digitization of such specimens, especially pinned insects and fluid-preserved invertebrates, faces significant obstacles [12,18,97100]. Digitizing efforts for invertebrates have been particularly challenging, because many clades are so diverse, collections have much larger numbers of specimens, and the typically small specimens are difficult to digitize [96]. Taxonomic nomenclature was the most commonly checked data quality issue for all other top uses, ranging from 40% of papers (conservation and data quality uses) to 56% (taxonomy). Primary species occurrences may provide needed data for studying biotic interactions on a larger scale, but these data are often not digitized, even if they exist in collections, and compiling data of sufficient quantity and quality for a given taxon remains an obstacle due to lack of automated data capture options for invertebrate collections. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Data quality issues are often dictated by the specific use. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Continued growth of data publications will enhance the efficiency and relevance of the field in addressing biodiversity conservation and environmental management. Data quality tags involve improving data quality for a particular purpose addressed in the paper. Vertebrate studies were more likely to address conservation; 23% of papers using vertebrate biodiversity records involved conservation, as compared to 14% of papers using plant records and 12% of papers using invertebrate records (Fig 4). Yes For a study to be relevant in this assessment, there must be an indication that the database used is publicly accessible online in a searchable database of biodiversity records. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Contrary to expectations, we found that studies addressing all taxa remained fairly consistent over time (Fig 3), and the maximum number of taxa addressed did not increase (Fig 5). Ideally, neutral approaches should be used as a starting point for conscious stepwise addition of niche structure. Authors who do address data quality are most likely to standardize nomenclature using online resources or to correct spatial errors. Funding: This research was supported in part through a Bass Postdoctoral fellowship to J. Ball-Damerow at the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, USA), under the mentorship of P. Sierwald and R. Bieler, and by the Negaunee Foundation. The indirect impacts of biotechnology on biodiversity are predominantly socioeconomic ones, operated through human economic and social systems. Writing review & editing, Roles Data contributors who have submitted data to aggregators are not getting credit for the significant work spent on data management, standardization, and quality control. Conceptualization, We found only four studies since 2010 that address hundreds of thousands of taxa, and most papers address numbers of taxa in the single or double digits. The increasing application of biotechnology to biodiversity (including genetic engineering) has greatly enhanced the value and availability of bio resources and products for mankind. environmental data (e.g. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. We characterize a variety of ways in which researchers are using species occurrence records by assessing the prevalence of individual tags corresponding to topics of interest. The increasingly available collections, genetic, and phylogenetic data are highly relevant in taxonomy-related studies and data papers, which increased over time (Fig 2). Our overarching goal in this study is to determine how such usage has developed since 2010, during a time of unprecedented growth of online data resources. Continued data digitization, publication, enhancement, and quality control efforts are necessary to make biodiversity science more efficient and relevant in our fast-changing environment. In some cases, researchers appropriately cited a database that is no longer in operation or has subsequently been integrated into an aggregate system. Twenty percent of vertebrate species are currently classified as threatened, and that number is increasing [101]. How often are major data quality issues addressed? Are certain uses applied more often for plants/invertebrates/ vertebrates? Correcting species identifications requires taxonomic expertise for many organisms, particularly high-diversity groups, such as insects. barcoding, citizen science, species interactions) that can be linked to species occurrence records will increase. Yes Data on insect distributions are less complete (or non-existent) for most species and hence may not be suitable for distribution and conservation studies [92,93]. Furthermore, neutral theory makes less intuitive assumptions than niche theory and does not consider trophic interactions. We found that the top data uses for papers that addressed all taxa involved data compilation and data quality (data quality assessments, data gap studies, data papers, and reporting on new databases, respectively). The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The research in this article did not generate any data or code, because it is a literature review. other types of occurrence data (i.e. J. Damerow subsequently checked each tagged paper from the first 1,000 papers to maintain consistency and became the sole tagger for an additional 934 papers. No, Is the Subject Area "Plant taxonomy" applicable to this article? Despite increasing calls for incorporating relevant biotic interactions into models, only nine distribution studies incorporated data on interactions (i.e. [105,106]) and insects that provide important ecosystem services (e.g. Finally, we have a detection tag to represent use of statistical methods to estimate detection probability [53]. After removing duplicates across search terms, the final database included 2,460 papers. We found that 34 percent of papers (n = 170) had insufficient citation information for one or more databases; this meant that there was either no URL provided to access the database, or the URL was invalid.

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